CORAL ISLAND(2022)
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Coral reefs are some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. Coral polyps, the animals primarily responsible for building reefs, can take many forms: large reef building colonies, graceful flowing fans, and even small, solitary organisms. Thousands of species of corals have been discovered; some live in warm, shallow, tropical seas and others in the cold, dark depths of the ocean.
Because of the diversity of life found in the habitats created by corals, reefs are often called the \"rainforests of the sea.\" About 25% of the ocean's fish depend on healthy coral reefs. Fishes and other organisms shelter, find food, reproduce, and rear their young in the many nooks and crannies formed by corals. The Northwest Hawaiian Island coral reefs, which are part of the Papahānaumokuākea National Marine Monument, provide an example of the diversity of life associated with shallow-water reef ecosystems. This area supports more than 7,000 species of fishes, invertebrates, plants, sea turtles, birds, and marine mammals. Deep water reefs or mounds are less well known, but also support a wide array of sea life in a comparatively barren world.
In the early days of undersea research at NOAA, scientists needed to surface regularly when SCUBA diving to study coral reefs and other habitats. This slowed down their progress, making it difficult to conduct longer studies. All that changed with the introduction of the HYDROLAB.
Shallow water, reef-building corals have a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae called zooxanthellae, which live in their tissues. The coral provides a protected environment and the compounds zooxanthellae need for photosynthesis. In return, the algae produce carbohydrates that the coral uses for food, as well as oxygen. The algae also help the coral remove waste. Since both partners benefit from association, this type of symbiosis is called mutualism.
Deep-sea corals live in much deeper or colder oceanic waters and lack zooxanthellae. Unlike their shallow water relatives, which rely heavily on photosynthesis to produce food, deep sea corals take in plankton and organic matter for much of their energy needs.
Unfortunately, coral reef ecosystems are severely threatened. Some threats are natural, such as diseases, predators, and storms. Other threats are caused by people, including pollution, sedimentation, unsustainable fishing practices, and climate change, which is raising ocean temperatures and causing ocean acidification. Many of these threats can stress corals, leading to coral bleaching and possible death, while others cause physical damage to these delicate ecosystems. During the 2014-2017 coral bleaching event, unusually warm waters (partially associated with a strong El Niño) affected 70% of coral reef ecosystems worldwide. Some areas were hit particularly hard, like the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, where hundreds of miles of coral were bleached.
Corals are able to recover from bleaching events if conditions improve before they die, though it can take many years for the ecosystems to fully heal. Scientists are also testing new ways to help coral reef ecosystems, such as growing coral in a nursery and then transplanting it to damaged areas.
Educators can use the resources in this collection to teach students about the science and beauty of corals. They can use these organisms and ecosystems to teach many scientific concepts including symbiotic relationships, reproduction strategies, food webs, chemistry, biotic and abiotic interactions, human impacts, and more. Additionally, educators can use corals to teach about conservation and stewardship of the environment. Even if you don't live near a reef, students can learn that they can help protect coral reefs in the United States and around the world. There are many actions, small and large, that everyone can take to help conserve coral reefs.
Image of coral islands in the Bahamas, captured by ESA astronaut Matthias Maurer on board the International Space Station. Matthias posted these images to his social media channels on 26 January 2022 with the caption:
Coral reefs in the Bahamas Seeing these beautiful islands reminds me of my NASA NEEMO training where we spent 16 days in an underwater habitat off the coast of Florida. During NEEMO I had the extreme close-up as we studied coral replanting and took samples of affected corals. From space I see the (very) big picture. Both views are extremely important to understand the complexity of coral reef ecosystems and how we can protect them.
You can even dive into the ocean to save corals, and even use rare kelp to improve your farm. There is over 50 diverse cast of characters you can interact with on a Southeast Asian-inspired tropical island. Plus, you can craft your own story, customize your character to your liking, and even explore caverns to gather rare materials!
Elizabeth and Middleton reefs, together with reefs around Lord Howe Island (New South Wales) 150 km to the south, are regarded as the southernmost coral reefs in the world. Their location, where tropical and temperate ocean currents meet, contributes to an unusually diverse assemblage of marine species. These mostly submerged atolls which dry only during low tide were added to the territory only in 1989. They are located on the Lord Howe Rise. Already on 23 December 1987, they were protected as the Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs Marine National Park Reserve, which has an area of 1,880 km2.
Coral Island is a re-imagined farm sim game inspired by classics. Grow crops, nurture animals, and befriend the islanders. Decide whether to revitalize not only the town but also the surrounding coral reefs.
Heat shock protein 20 (Hsp20) is a major family of heat shock proteins that mainly function as molecular chaperones and are markedly accumulated in cells when organisms are subjected to environmental stress, particularly heat. Canavalia rosea is an extremophile halophyte with good adaptability to environmental high temperature and is widely distributed in coastal areas or islands in tropical and subtropical regions. In this study, we identified a total of 41 CrHsp20 genes in the C. rosea genome. The gene structures, phylogenetic relationships, chromosome locations, and conserved motifs of each CrHsp20 or encoding protein were analyzed. The promoters of CrHsp20s contained a series of predicted cis-acting elements, which indicates that the expression of different CrHsp20 members is regulated precisely. The expression patterns of the CrHsp20 family were analyzed by RNA sequencing both at the tissue-specific level and under different abiotic stresses, and were further validated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The integrated expression profiles of the CrHsp20s indicated that most CrHsp20 genes were greatly upregulated (up to dozens to thousands of times) after 2 h of heat stress. However, some of the heat-upregulated CrHsp20 genes showed completely different expression patterns in response to salt, alkaline, or high osmotic stresses, which indicates their potential specific function in mediating the response of C. rosea to abiotic stresses. In addition, some of CrHsp20s were cloned and functionally characterized for their roles in abiotic stress tolerance in yeast. Taken together, these findings provide a foundation for functionally characterizing Hsp20s to unravel their possible roles in the adaptation of this species to tropical coral reefs. Our results also contribute to the understanding of the complexity of the response of CrHsp20 genes to other abiotic stresses and may help in future studies evaluating the functional characteristics of CrHsp20s for crop genetic improvement.
\"Fiji has a reputation as the soft coral capital of the world, and divers who have been to Fiji can attest to that honor. The soft coral gardens found at dive sites around the Bligh Waters and Rainbow Reefs regions in Fiji will mesmerize any diver with the cacophony of colors and multitude of anthias dancing around them. Bula!\" - Bluewater travel advisor/trip leader Tim Yeo
In southeast Asia, we have the Philippines, home to amazing coral reefs, excellent marine biodiversity, and prominent pelagic fish action in certain areas, especially in the world-famous Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park. And don't forget the beautiful corals and inshore reefs of Bali. And in Indonesia, destinations such as Bunaken diving have some of the most impressive reefs in SE Asia.
Azill had suffered a leg injury from scraping through a coral reef, which failed to heal due to his diabetes. The injury eventually led to his death at Majene General Hospital in Majene, a town on the southern coast of West Sulawesi.
That said, there are a few unique things that Coral Island offers as well, with a special thematic focus on the diving mechanics. Players get to swim around the sea floor with an adorable robot companion, cleaning up trash and activating mysterious devices that magically heal the coral reefs. Just like in real life!
A freshwater lens is reproducible but limited underground freshwater resources on a coral island. The bottom of the lens connects seawater. When freshwater is pumped from a well, the drawdown will bring on raise of seawater to form an upconing. If the pumping rate is too high, the freshwater lens will be broken by the upconing and freshwater reserve will greatly decrease. In order to research into the forming process of the upconing and the decrement of the freshwater reserve due to the rupture of the lens, the surface of a lens on YongXin Island was accounted with a numerical model deduced by the mass conservation, Darcy law and Ghyhen-Herzberg approximation. Then the development process of the upconing was simulated. The contours of small lenses and the decrement of the freshwater reserve were computed after a great freshwater lens being broken. The results showed: the error between the calculation value and measure value of the lens contour was between 3% and 15%. The height and incidence of the upconing would increase with the pumping rate and time. When the rate was under a critical value, the upconing would reach a stable state. Otherwise, the freshwater lens would be broken by the upconing. If the freshwater lens on YongXin Island was broken into two small lenses, the freshwater reserve would decrease by 26.8%. These results can be applied to establishing exploitation project of the freshwater lens on coral islands so as to realize safe, scientific, and sustainable exploitation and use of underground freshwater resources of coral islands. 59ce067264
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